Abstract Geomorphological studies are crucial for understanding the evolution of relief, and when associated with cartography, they enhance the interpretation and knowledge of environmental dynamics. Hence, historical cartography is essential for the documental rescue of landscapes, which, based on the mapped geoforms, enhances post-discovery studies for the state of Ceará, Brazil. Historically, this state was intermittently mapped in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries but gained greater attention from Portugal in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries after its separation from Pernambuco. Despite this, cartographic studies on coastal geoforms are not typical for the Ceará coast over a given period, highlighting the importance of this investigation. Therefore, this article aimed to study the environmental history of the coastal geoforms mapped on the extreme west coast of Ceará in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This research had a qualitative and exploratory basis, with cartographic documental surveys online and in loco, covering the municipalities of Jijoca de Jericoacoara, Camocim, and Barroquinha. Fifty maps of different origins were collected, three of which were used: a French sketch and two Portuguese maps. In the French material of 1615, geoforms in the Cape de la Tortue indicated the presence of a rocky island separated from the mainland. From the Portuguese map of 1629, a well-cut coastline was noted, identifying Buraco das Tartarugas, where there were two islands of different sizes. In the 1794 map, an island in the cove called Geri qua Coá was noted, differing in landscape from the previous ones, as it did not have tombolos connected to the continent. The cartographies presented particularities for revealing a possible advance in the local sea level. Thus, it is possible to motivate future research in the area of historical cartography as a tool for the analysis of the paleogeographic evolution of the coastal zones of Ceará.

Abstract This work aims to provide an overview of the territorial evolution of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in Brazil using socio-demographic variables, for the time span between February 26, 2020 until January 24, 2021. Socio-demographic indicators, basic sanitation infrastructure data, and epidemiological bulletins were integrated using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to develop a social vulnerability index (SVI), to estimate the degree of exposure risk of the Brazilian population to COVID-19. The results indicate that the majority of confirmed cases were reported from the main Brazilian capitals, linked to well-developed port and airport modes. In terms of deaths, the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Ceará and Pernambuco were at the top of the ranking. On the contrary, there were some states of the mid-west (Mato Grosso do Sul) and the north (Acre, Amapá, Roraima, Rondônia and Tocantins), that recorded low mortality indexes. The SVI reveals that the states of the north and north-east are the most vulnerable. Regarding the metropolitan areas, it was observed that the main capitals of the north and north-east, with the exception of Salvador, present significantly more critical numbers in terms of dissemination and deaths by COVID-19 than the capitals of the south-southeast, where the SVI is lower. The comparative exception was Santa Catarina state metropolitan areas. Finally, as the virus does not strike everyone in the same way, one of the great challenges is to search for solutions to cope with COVID-19 in the face of very unequal realities. Thus, a reflection on the strategies adopted by the Brazilian government is relevant, while considering the continental dimensions and the diversity of the Brazilian regions, to obtain a better analysis of the more vulnerable populations and social groups.

Resumo As forçantes meteoceanográficas agem diariamente com rápidas mudanças na geomorfologia costeira e nas construções humanas localizadas perto do mar, em especial nas áreas de baixa elevação. Atualmente, a subida do nível do mar potencialmente promovida pelas mudanças climáticas é também uma fonte de grande preocupação para os órgãos públicos de poder local e regional. Nesse sentido, os modelos geoespaciais de inundação costeira estão evoluindo juntamente com as ferramentas morfométricas e suas aplicações. Essas iniciativas permitem ações de médio e longo prazo para minimizar os efeitos das inundações. Para tanto, uma série de etapas metodológicas devem ser analisadas. Os Modelos Digitais de Elevação (MDEs) tornam-se cada vez mais precisos com relação ao emprego de referências altimétricas e de dados verticais, bem como a qualidade de aquisição dos sensores empregados. Por exemplo, o uso da abordagem bathtub tem sido aplicada na avaliação da inundação costeira com relativo sucesso. A escolha do próprio modelo de inundação deve acompanhar um esforço metodológico seletivo para sua correta aplicação.

Abstract Meteoceanographic forces act daily, provoking rapid changes in coastal geomorphology and impacting the human infrastructure located near the sea, principally on low-lying coasts. The current ongoing rise in sea level provoked by climate change is also a major source of concern for local and regional authorities. Geospatial models of coastal flooding are evolving rapidly, together with geomorphometric tools and their applications. These initiatives may permit the implementation of medium-and long term actions to minimize the effects of flooding, although a range of methodological considerations must be taken into account. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) have become increasingly more accurate due to the integration of altimetric references and vertical data, as well as the increasing quality of the sensors used. For example, the application of the bathtub approach to coastal flooding assessment has been relatively successful. The choice of the flood model should include the careful selection of methods that ensure the most adequate application of the model.

Résumé Los factores de cambio meteorológicos y oceanográficos actúan diariamente con rápidas variaciones en la geomorfología costera y las construcciones humanas ubicadas cerca del mar, especialmente en áreas de baja elevación. Actualmente, la subida del nivel del mar, que es potencialmente promovida por el cambio climático, también es motivo de gran preocupación para los organismos públicos del poder local y regional. Respondiendo a esa motivación, los modelos geoespaciales de inundaciones costeras están evolucionando junto con las herramientas morfométricas y sus aplicaciones. Estas iniciativas permiten acciones de mediano y largo plazo para mermar los efectos de las inundaciones. Por tanto, se deben analizar una serie de pasos metodológicos. Los Modelos Digitales de Elevación (MDE) son cada vez más precisos en cuanto al uso de referencias altimétricas y datos verticales, así que a la calidad de adquisición de los sensores empleados. Por ejemplo, el uso del enfoque de cuenca se ha aplicado para evaluar las inundaciones costeras con relativo éxito. La elección del propio modelo de inundación debe acompañar a un esfuerzo metodológico selectivo para su correcta aplicación.